Causal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causal Argument - Essay Example Causes of Pollution As noted by the US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, pollution could be caused by either human or natural processes. In environmental pollution, air pollution has been commonly reported in industrial towns. Raven, Berg and Hassenzahl (12) categorize air pollutants into gaseous and particulate pollutants. These gaseous and particulate matters get released into the atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels including petroleum and coal. Such activities cause the release of both fine and coarse particles, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds, radioactive substances and halogens. The main sources of this form of pollution are motor vehicles using either diesel or gasoline, rail roads, aircraft, agricultural burning and industrial processes among others (Awosanya, Sebiomo and Idiagi 612). According to Shafi (3), a combination of the effect of these processes results in the release of 91.0, 25.7, 30.2, 29.1 and 18.7 metric tons of carbon monoxide, particulate matte r, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides respectively. Pesticides have also been noted to cause a spread of ungraded ions in the air thus possibly contaminating the air. Metallurgical industries, petroleum refineries, fertilizer and chemical industries and pulp and paper mills have been noted to contribute greatly to air pollution. They produce gaseous emissions that pollute the air. Various solid and liquid wastes pollute water. Organic and mineral wastes and industrial by-products or effluents carried into water bodies cause pollution. Furthermore, pollutants emanating from agricultural fields containing phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers eventually reach water bodies. According to Shafi (4), these pollutants deoxygenate and intoxicate the water causing a lethal or sub-lethal reaction to the micro-organisms in the water. Examples of sources of water pollution include food processing industries such as canning, brewing, refineries and dairy industries, chemical plants, oil drilling wastes, blast furnace washing, rubber production factories and research laboratories among many others. Raven, Berg and Hassenzahl (405) also note that metallic wastes like zinc, lead, copper and mercury released as effluents or wastes from industries eventually reach water bodies. These not only deteriorate the quality of water but also get deposited in the bodies of the living organisms that consume the water. Additionally, sewage effluents, organic wastes and exudates promote the life of microbes that thrive on organic matter like algae, fungi, helminthes, bacteria and viruses. These are known to cause dangerous diseases in both the flora and fauna. Lastly, pollution of the soil could result from the insanitary habits of humans or disposal of semi-solid and solid wastes. The atmospheric fall-out also causes soil pollution. The current rapid urbanization has led to limited space in which solid wastes could be deposited (Shafi 6). The disposal of these wastes on land has led to toxic materials seeping deep into the soil which affects the course of ground water. Agricultural practice has seen pesticides, manures and fertilizers introduced to lad leading to chemical and biological contamination. Wastes containing micro organisms pollute soil and could cause these micro organisms to enter into the food chain and subsequently consumed by humans. Radiation could be

The Wife of Martin Guerre Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Martin Guerre Essay The wife of Martine Guerre by Janet Lewis is a 16thcentury love store set in the bleak and harsh society of medieval France. The main protagonist in the novel, Betrande De Roles is faced with an unusual and appalling situation when an imposter poses as her husband Martin, who has been absent for 8 years. Despite the belief of her husband, Bertrand is not to blame for the awful situation, but instead it is the family and those surrounding Betrande who are to blame for her acceptance of the imposter, ArnaueDeTil. Her husband’s sisters, Martins Uncle, the priest , her son Sanxi, Martin and even the imposter, ArnauDeTil, himself are all equally, if not more to blame for the situation that confronts the Guerre family. Bertrand lives the life that many women with well-off families lead in medieval France; she is married at the age of 11 and goes to live with the family of her betrothed husband at the age of 14. Although Bertrande and Martin initially do not care for one another (on their wedding night Martin hits Betrande, and when they are forced to share a bed, she is fearful of him), after a period of living together, Betrande and Martin find themselves attached to one another, and they share a special bond within the household â€Å"they were a camp within a camp†. Shortly after Betrande gives birth to a son, Sanxi and the household flourishes and prospers. When Martin decides to leave, due to fear of punishment from his father after stealing grain to plant his field, the peace and happiness within the household that Betrande and the family have so become accustom to, is disrupted. The untimely death of Martins Mother is an indication of how unstable the household becomes â€Å"she was not an old woman and it may have been possible, as her daughters believed that the illness which she suffered was greatly aggravated by the prolonged absence of her after the death of Martins father, Martins uncle Pierre takes over as head of the house, The households fragile and insecure state leaves them vulnerable, and thus when ArneauDeTil poses as Martin they are eager to accept him as the true Martin even though there are signs that suggest he is not the true Martin Guerre. Martin leaving was the triggering factor to the entire series of events, and thus Martin is just as much to blame in the situation that unfolds, as anyone. When Arnau DeTil comes into the household pretending to be Martin, both Pierre, Martins uncle and Martins sisters are thrilled. For Pierre, this means he is no longer head of the house, leaving these responsibilities to â€Å"Martin†. When Betrande begins having suspicions that this man who has entered into the household is not the real Martin, he suspicions are dismissed by both Pierre and Martins sisters. Pierre simply says that being in the world has â€Å"matured him†, and the sisters urge Bertrande not to say anything to anyone of her uncertainties. It is not until later in the novel, after an old friend of the real Martin arrives in Artigues and proves that Arneau is not the real Martin (he says that the real Martin has a wooden leg after losing it in battle) that Pierre begins to believe Bertrand’s suspicions. In comparison Martins sisters are trying to convince Bertrande to drop the allegation even during the Trials. Both Martin’s sisters and his uncle Pierres are to blame for the situation, as if they had initially listened to Bertrande when she insisted that something was wrong, the situation may not have unfolded as it did. In the novel, the priest plays a key role in convincing Bertrande that Arnau is the real Martin. When she goes to confess her concerns to him, she is dismissed and simply told to â€Å"be at rest and go in peace. The priest and Arnau form a friendship, and because of this the priest is eager not to let Bertande follow up these accusations. The priest also prefers the new Martin, he is religious, polite and caring towards the priest and the priest becomes a good friend of the Guerre household, being regularly invited over for dinner. Arnau DeTil is obviously the key component of the deception, posing as Martin and deceiving Bertrande and the household. DeTil is incredibly cunning, and seems to have an answer to all of Bertrandes problems. Whenever Betrande begins asking questions, DeTil seems to have an explanation, telling her not to worry, and acting concerned for her. He is able to do this for some time until eventually Betrande is completely convinced he is not her husband, but even then DeTil seems to have a solution, and he threatens Betrande, basically telling her that if he neeed to, he could convince the household she was mad. Bertrandes son, Sanxi warms to DeTil quickly, he loves his newfound father and the two build a very strong bond. Bertrandes love for her son could also be to blame for the deception, as seeing how happy Sanxi is with his â€Å"father†, she convinces herself it must be him. In conclusion, Betrande is not responsible for situation, as it is the many different people in her life and particularly within the household that are responsible for un-intentionally covering for the imposter, and convincing Bertrande that he is the real Martin.

An Overview of the Website Buying Process :: Sell Website Buy Web Site

An Overview of the Website Buying Process Buying a website: It's a brand new ball game Unless you've bought or sold a website in the past, you'll find that buying a website can be a confusing and even trying experience for the unprepared. That's why it's important for you to take the time to read this explanation of the process. Even if you're a veteran in website transfers, understanding the process will assist you in working with our firm. Getting Started: Questions and more questions The search for a website almost always starts with a visit to a web site like the one we host at Votan. Sometimes the prospective Buyer is a Corporation, Private Investment Group or a sophisticated Private Investor who has a very definite idea of the type of website wanted. But, often the website Buyer is a first time Buyer and is still in the formative or exploratory phase of the search. Many times a Buyer's first question is, "What kinds of websites do you have?" Well, we have lots of websites, so that's a tough question to answer without some idea of the Buyer's resources, skills and needs. In order for us to find you a match made in heaven, we need to uncover answers by questioning you and learning more about you. So the first and most important step is telling us about you. Be patient when we ask, "How many days per week are you comfortable working?" and "Do you like having employees?" and "How much cash do you have for a down payment?" and many other questions. We're not just asking: We're narrowing your search and saving you time and aggravation. Our web site Buyer registration offers a questionnaire that is a great way to narrow your search and help us help you find the business of your dreams. Defining the search: Non-confidential Summaries After we've talked for a while, we can probably begin narrowing the search to a few appropriate business opportunities. At this point, we communicate non-confidential summaries of our exclusive opportunities to you in a number of ways. Since you're viewing our web site you can see the non-confidential summaries of our exclusive listings by simply using the "Businesses For Sale" button. VR non-confidential summaries show our profile #, a description of the business, a summary of financial performance, the reasons why we think it may be a good opportunity and the asking price.

Using information and communications technologies for teaching and learning

E-learning is by and large regarded as utilizing information and communications engineerings for learning and larning. These engineerings may include, but are non limited to, the followers: presentation engineerings ( e.g. , PowerPoint ) , the Internet, videoconferencing, e-mail, specialist disciplinary package, larning direction systems such as WebCT, simulations, and educational games. E-learning may affect such hardware as computing machines, personal digital helpers, and cell phones. The media used can unite sound, picture, images and text in a assortment of combinations and utilizing a scope of attacks. E-learning should be regarded as a installation or set of tools, non a peculiar instruction method. Indeed, e-learning may be used to back up about any sort of instructional attack, positive or negative. Examples of utilizing e-learning constructively include attacks which combine more traditional instruction patterns with information and communications engineerings. For illustra tion, an teacher might utilize the Internet during his or her talk to entree on-line lifes that supplement the category presentation. A class web site might incorporate activities that facilitate active acquisition. Communications applications such as on-line treatments groups might be used to enable collaborative job work outing among groups of pupils who have trouble scheduling meetings. Teachers of to the full on-line classs typically use small if any face-to-face direction and depend about wholly on e-learning. The grade to which e-learning is used by teachers varies widely due to a figure of factors including their personal instruction penchants, the nature of the capable affair, the pupils involved every bit good as the handiness of proficient and instructional design support. Quality direction remains the paramount end and e-learning should ne'er be used for its ain interest. The E-Learning Committee identified the undermentioned factors that contribute to the demand to transform instruction and acquisition in higher instruction: germinating nature of â€Å" basic accomplishments † required to be competent professionals the chances provided by the increased effectivity and decreased costs of information and communications engineerings ; permeant usage of information engineering by pupils taking to alterations in larning penchants ; synergism of learning and research ; turning demand for alternate acquisition theoretical accounts to better acquisition and increase handiness ; greater handiness of electronic learning resources and scholarly publications. The combined effects of these five factors make it paramount for the University to reassess and update its scheme for e-learning. E-learning enables greater flexibleness in footings of where and when pupils can take part in larning activities. As a consequence, those involved in discoursing the advantages of utilizing e-learning frequently concentrated on how it reduces barriers to accessing educational plans. However, from a pedagogical point of position, the focal point of e-learning is non on entree, but on larning. E-learning provides scholars with the chance to be more active and to take greater duty for their ain acquisition. It besides gives module a wider assortment of tools for easing engagement and coaction. The E-Learning exists in the context established by the vision, mission, and ends of the University. Information and communications engineerings are praised for their capacity to cross distance, connect communities, provide information, and quickly convey immense volumes of informations. E-learning is an incorporate application of these engineerings. As such it has the possible to act upon how all the academic subjects of the University are realized. Need for Reforms in Tertiary Education to Address New Challenges. Quality confidence can play a cardinal catalytic function in originating reforms to regenerate weak third instruction systems. Despite fluctuations in cultural and political penchants, differences in leading manners within authoritiess every bit good as changing phases of development, there is emerging consensus that traditional academic controls are unequal for reacting to today ‘s challenges and that more expressed confidences about quality are needed ( El-Khawas, DePietro-Jurand, and Holm-Nielsen 1998 ) . New Methods of Delivery Challenge Traditional Approaches to HE Development. Recent progresss in information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) have prompted alterations in the manners of bringing for instruction. The usage of different signifiers of Open and Distance Learning ( ODL ) is on the rise, doing it possible to learn and larn from anyplace in the universe irrespective of one ‘s geographical location relation to the beginning of bringing. On-line instruction is turning, even within regular â€Å" brick and howitzer † establishments. These new methods besides render third instruction â€Å" borderless † -students have options for entree to higher instruction beyond their national boundaries and suppliers of HE can make pupils anyplace in the universe without holding to procure clearance from any local authorization. This is a positive development, particularly for states which can non afford to put in brick and howitzer establishments ( for illustratio n, little states, weak economic systems ) to run into the turning societal demand. However, in the absence of an effectual QA system, consumers lack a dependable footing for taking between different borderless offers, and authoritiess would non hold a mechanism for keeping these suppliers accountable for the quality of their plans. In Africa this tendency is expressed in the turning attending accorded to constructing capacities for distance instruction. The part now hosts four unfastened universities, with programs to set up at least two more in the close hereafter. Likewise, the proviso of instruction â€Å" at a distance † by traditional universities is steadily spread outing. In Tanzania, the Open University of Tanzania ( OUT ) is now the largest university in the country-only 15 old ages after its constitution. The African Virtual University which was ab initio incubated in the World Bank is now a good recognized leader in unfastened and distance e-learning ( ODEL ) in Africa with a web that spans over 20 English and French-speaking states. Though some acquaintance with quality confidence processes for traditional ( print-based ) distance larning systems has been acquired on the continent, the new manners of bringing pose a challenge because there neither criterions nor expertness are presently avail able to modulate quality.1.2 Research Aim and AimsPurposeThe purpose of this thesis is to â€Å" To research the quality confidence in e-learning and its effectivity in footings of bettering the quality of acquisition, and to urge schemes for effectual quality confidence in e-learning for the colleges and universities.AimsThe aims in order to accomplish this purpose are as follows: Review the developments in quality confidence in e-learning and analyze the e-learning facets of quality confidence. To analyze the quality confidence criterions in e-learning and their effectivity. Study the effectivity of quality confidence in an e-learning context, and place the chief challenges and the critical success factors. Develop appropriate schemes for the execution of effectual quality confidence in e-learning.1.3 Problem StatementThe current survey purposes to reply the following overall job. Is at that place important difference in the effectivity of quality confidence in e-learning in the public and private universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain in footings of their course of study design, class design, and class bringing? To reply this inquiry, the undermentioned sub-problems shall be addressed: To what extent does effectivity of quality confidence in e-learning occur in the higher instruction establishments ( HEIs ) in footings of course of study design, class design, and class bringing as perceived by its module members, pupils, and stakeholders? What are the jobs or barriers encountered by the respondents on the quality confidence in e-learning? What success factors in e-learning perceived by the respondents in the private colleges and universities? What challenges and schemes in e-learning observed by the respondents on the execution of the quality confidence in the university? What possible suggestions/recommendations to better e-learning in the colleges and universities?1.4 Research ApproachThe primary informations aggregation will be conducted through study questionnaires and unstructured interviews nevertheless, the secondary informations aggregation through extended literature reappraisal taken from books, diaries, magazines, and other related reading stuffs in e-learning. The informations collected from both the beginnings will be integrated and so analysed. Qualitative analysis will be used for the informations being collected from both the attacks. However, quantitative analysis will be done by the research worker after roll uping the information for analysis and reading to cognize the findings of the survey on the quality confidence in e-learning hence, carry throughing the purpose of this research. Furthermore, the Primary Data Collection will be taken from the Survey Questionnaires and informal ( unstructured ) Interviews from the respondents of the selected colleges and universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. However, the Secondary Data Collection will be taken from the literature reappraisal such as books, diaries, magazines, internet links, and other related readings on e-learning facets. After the information is being collected from the primary and secondary beginnings, the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Approach will be used to analyze the research information. The analysis will be done after the retrieval of the study questionnaire. However, the informations will be analysed and interpreted utilizing textual or tabular presentation based on the consequences of the statistical analysis. Hence, in the reading of informations deductions is needed and besides supported with related literature or surveies to beef up the analysis and reading of informations which are important to the findings of the survey.1.5 Outline of the DissertationChapter 1: Introduction and Background. The intent of this chapter is to present the job on the effectivity of the quality confidence in e-learning, its challenges and schemes. It besides presents the principle behind the determination of prosecuting this research, based on the observations made by the research worker and other wri ters. It concludes with the word picture of the attack adopted in the structuring of the thesis. Chapter 2: Reappraisal of Related Literature. The intent of this chapter is to present and examine exhaustively the bing literature in the country of the quality confidence of higher instruction establishments ; e-learning quality confidence ; and e-learning success factors ; and other related surveies on e-learning facets. Besides, a theoretical research theoretical account has been proposed and research hypotheses have been developed. Chapter 3: Research Methodology. The intent of this chapter is to show the research design and methodological analysis of the survey. It besides includes the respondents of the survey, proof of research instrument, informations aggregation method, and informations analysis. Chapter 4: Datas Analysis and Findings. The intent of this chapter is to show the analysis and reading of the information, and besides the treatment on the effectivity of the quality confidence in e-learning, problems/barriers encountered, success factors, and quality confidence challenges and schemes. However, the descriptive-survey attack will be employed in this survey. However, tabular and textual signifier will be used in showing the information analysis. Chapter 5: Drumhead, Conclusions, and Recommendations. This chapter is a sum-up of the whole thesis. It provides an appraisal of the importance of the research done and it is an lineation of possible future research strands.DrumheadThis chapter provides an debut to the thesis along with brief treatment of the background on the construct of e-learning in the Kingdom of Bahrain peculiarly in the HEIs – Higher Education Institutions. It besides presented the Aim and Objectives and briefly discusses the country of research, literature reappraisals and provides principle for carry oning this survey. The research purpose and aims are made clear and the research attack is presented.

Exploring Love Through Minding Theory and Triangular Theory of Love Essay

My bestfriend and I have been together for more than a year. However, there are times when we feel that our relationship as friends would never last. But on the deepest part of our hearts, we do hope that our friendship would last until the last day of our lives. Having known the Minding Theory of Love gives me an idea of how we could strengthen our relationship as best of friends. The Minding Theory of relationships claims that a variety of â€Å"expectations and cognitive patterns† are advantageous to satisfying close relationships (Harvey and Omarzu, 2006, p. 99). Using this concept, our knowledge about each other and attribution of each other’s behaviors would be enhanced. As Minding Theory promotes relationships based on â€Å"knowing, accepting and respecting a partner†, it is therefore important to have an ample of knowledge about each other (Harvey and Omarzu, 2006, p. 99). Sharing of information and getting to know each other day by day is one of the best strategies that would be employed to strengthen our friendship. This way, we could make each other know that one is special, treasured and cared for. Such actions could also prevent misunderstanding, miscommunication and break in our friendship. On my part, any collected information about my bestfriend would enable me to know his strengths and weaknesses and his likes and dislikes. Not doing the things that could hurt him and helping him to fight with his weaknesses, I think, could make my relationship with him to become stronger. In addition, appreciating him, trusting him and winning his trust, accepting the whole of him, understanding and respecting him, giving and sharing my resources with him, and providing disclosure in our relationship could also help in strengthening our relationship while pursuing continuity and synergy. Part Two: Exploring Love Through Triangular Theory of Love The Triangular Theory of Love by Sternberg (2006) holds that love could be understood in terms of three components that together could be viewed forming the vertices of triangle: intimacy (top vertex of the triangle); passion (left-hand vertex of the triangle); and decision/commitment (right-hand vertex of the triangle). On top vertex of the triangle, Intimacy in loving relationships refers to feelings of â€Å"closeness, connectedness and bondedness† (Sternberg, 2006, p. 185). It provides the partners the experience of warmth within relationships. On the other left side of the triangle, passion in loving relationship refers to the drives or motivation that lead to physical attraction, romance, sexual consummation and other related events in a relationship. It includes â€Å"a state of intense longing† for the union with a partner (Sternberg, 2006, p. 185). Furthermore, on the left side of the triangle, decision/commitment refers to the decision that one loves a certain other, for short term relationships; and to one’s commitment to maintain love, for long-term relationships. The three components of love interact with each other and determine the kind of love relationship one have for his or her partner. In the absence of the three components, a relationship is identified as non-love. However, if one of the three components exists, it is either an infatuated love or empty love. Infatuated love occurs when the relationship of partners is solely rooted on passion. On the other hand, a relationship that emanates from the decision that one loves another and is committed to that love is known as empty love (Sternberg, 2006). Meanwhile, a combination of two components of love also differentiates one kind of love to the other. A love relationship that is based on intimacy and passion is classified as romantic love while intimacy and decision/commitment are best associated with compassionate love. And lastly, a relationship that is rooted from passion and decision/commitment, on the absence of intimacy, is known as fatuous love. Nevertheless, the complete mixture of the three components of love – intimacy, passion and decision/commitment – is also possible as such kind of love is distinguished as the consummate love (Sternberg, 2006). With regard to the three components mentioned, it is perceived that the type of love relationship that an individual have for his or her partner or object of attention is greatly affected by the kind of attachment that he or she holds for the other. As an individual grows older, he or she would develop various forms of attachment for other people around him or her. For example, a child who is not yet familiar with things around him, only lives according to his instinct or to what is dictated to him by the people around him. The concept of attachment and love is still not innate to the child, thus the type of love he has as of this moment could be identified as non-love. As the child grows, he would develop a feeling of attachment to other people, most probably to his family. Considering Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love, forms of attachment which are likely to sprout on the child’s emotion are intimacy and commitment. Such forms of attachment is associated with compassionate love. Once he becomes a teenager, he might experience passion toward his opposite sex or come into decision of loving another person who is not his relative. On this stage, he is either experiencing infatuated love or empty love. Infatuated love is associated with passion while empty love emanates from a decision to love other person. As he matures, he might develop or experience another kind of love which is either a romantic love or a fatuous love. Romantic love involves intimacy and passion while fatuous love is rooted from passion and decision/commitment. When the partners finally take the bow of marriage, it only means that they have developed their love relationship into a complete form of love, which is consummate love. Consummate love involves intimacy, passion and commitment. Looking at the above example, we could conclude that the closer or stronger a relationship is, more developed feelings of attachment and love is being experienced by an individual. The forms of attachment, therefore, affect the type of love relationship an individual holds for the other person. Moreover, the amount of love and the balance of love also affects the relationship of partners such that the greater the amount of love being shared with a partner, the greater the area of the love triangle and the more stable the love relationship will be. On the other hand, the balance of love determines the shape of the love triangle wherein in a love relationship where partners have balanced their feelings of intimacy, passion and decision/commitment, the shape of the love triangle is also balanced such that an equilateral triangle is identified. A love relationship where intimacy and commitment have equal measurement yet passion is larger than the two is likely to have an obtuse love triangle and so forth. In general, an individual who had early experiences of love is likely to result in consummate love, which is recognized as an almost perfect kind of love, because his or her experiences of love relationships would enable him or her to develop various feelings of attachments, more love minding and better or improved love relationships. References Harvey, J. H. And Omarzu, J. (2006). Minding the close relationship: a theory of relationship enhancement. United States: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (2006). A Duplex Theory of Love. In The New Psychology of Love by Robert J.

Nagging and flattery Essays

Nagging and flattery Essays Nagging and flattery Essay Nagging and flattery Essay Alison refers to her first three husbands as being old, rich and good. Alison always wanted her freedom to do what she wanted and to have affairs when she pleased. She easily outwitted her old husbands through nagging and flattery, when she pretended to be jealous.  Yet tikled I his herte, for that he/ Wende that I hadde of him so greet chiertee.  Alisons fourth husband was different and had affairs. Alison, however, enjoyed the social aspects of life with dancing, singing and drinking. At this point Alison becomes sentimental and shows her more vulnerable side. Alison got her revenge by flirting with other men. Her husband died when she returned from Jerusalem and she buried him cheaply, dismissing painful memories of him. Lat him fare wel, God yeve his soul reste!  He is now in his grave and in his cheste  The Wifes fifth husband provides Alison with her most unpleasant encounter with auctoritee. Alison married Jankin purely for love. Jankin may have been clever but not wealthy and Alison gives him all her goods once theyre married. Jankin is auctoritee without experience and preaches to Alison from his Book of Wicked Wives. This enrages Alison and she fights with Jankin who deafens her in one ear. Jankin thinks he has killed her and gives Alison back the power and control. The Wife has a remarkably lifelike, three dimensional personality who is not afraid of showing her vices or virtues. She is noisy, pushy and bossy. She is open about her devious nature, and is always planning tricks and schemes. She is very practical woman, capable of running a profitable business and household. She is clever, and knows how to use her knowledge of scholarly and biblical texts to put across her opinions. Her main concerns are men, power and sex, and she is certainly attractively, wealth and looks. She is vigorous, enthusiastic and optimistic about life, showing nostalgia but not bitterness when she recalls her lost youth. She also has a warm and vulnerable side on a number of occasions. Efforts to silence her by the Pardoner and the Friar come to nothing; even Chaucer gets carried away with his talkative, outgoing creation. Whether we like the Wife or not, she certainly cannot be ignored.

Behavioral Disorders essays

Behavioral Disorders essays As all parents and educators know, each child is first and foremost an individual with his or her own particular pattern of strengths and needs for improvement. While this is true of all children, it is important to remember when designing interventions for children with behavioral disorders such as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD), Anxiety or Mood Disorder. There is no typical educational program for children with behavioral disorders such as the ones listed above because the difficulties of any individual child with this diagnosis will vary considerably depending on age, presence or absence of associated problems, level of academic functioning, and a variety of other factors (Sweeny, 1998). Behavior disorders in most children are characterized by poor social relationships due to extremes of aggressiveness, lying, defiance, irritability, blaming others, cruelty, stealing, destructiveness, and rage. Many children with behavioral disorders have difficulty monitoring their behavior to fit the changing demands of both school and social situations. Nearly all of the behaviors associated with the behavioral disorders may be seen in normal children from time to time. The diagnosis is made when the frequency and persistence of these symptoms result in clinical impairment in social, academic or occupational functioning. Most often children resort to negative behavior such as regressing or being very disobedient in order to communicate feelings that they otherwise cannot express, or in response to the belief that their parents are not acknowledging their feelings. Behavioral difficulties might also be an outgrowth of a language problem, often when a child cannot readily understand spoken language or cannot easily put feelings into words. Or they may be part of a family where verbal communication and expressing feelings through words are not encouraged (Forness, 1998). Unfortuna...

Ideas for Plant and Soil Chemistry Science Projects

Ideas for Plant and Soil Chemistry Science Projects Plant and Soil Chemistry Project Ideas Science fair projects that involve plants or soil chemistry are very popular with students. Its fun to work with living things and the environment that supports them. These projects are great from an educational standpoint because they integrate concepts from different areas of science and the scientific method. However, it isnt always easy to decide what to do with the plants and soil! These science fair project ideas can help you define your project. Some involve botany and chemistry, others have an environmental science slant, and then others are soil chemistry. Botany and Chemistry Components How do different fertilizers affect the way plants grow? There are lots of different types of fertilizers, containing varying amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in addition to other ingredients. You can test different fertilizers and see how they affect the height of a plant, the number or size of its leaves, the number of flowers, time until blooming, branching of stems, root development, or other factors.Does using colored mulch have an effect on a plant? You can look at its height, fruitfulness, number of flowers, overall plant size, the rate of growth, or other factors.Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates or percentages? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant? Environmental Science Aspects How do different factors affect seed germination? Factors that you could test include the intensity, duration, or type of light, the temperature, the amount of water, the presence/absence of certain chemicals, or the presence/absence of soil. You can look at the percentage of seeds that germinate or the rate at which seeds germinate.How are plants affected by the distance between them? Look into the concept of allelopathy. Sweet potatoes are plants that release chemicals (allelochemicals) that can inhibit the growth of plants near them. How close can another plant grow to a sweet potato plant? What effects does an allelochemical have on a plant?How does cold storage affect the germination of seeds? Factors you can control include the type of seeds, the length of storage, the temperature of storage, and other variables, such as light and humidity.What conditions affect the ripening of fruit? Look at ethylene and enclosing a piece of fruit in a sealed bag, temperature, light, or nearne ss to other pieces or fruit. Soil Chemistry Considerations How are different soils affected by erosion? You can make your own wind or water and evaluate the effects on soil. If you have access to a very cold freezer, you can look at the effects of freeze and thaw cycles.How does the pH of soil relate to the pH of the water around the soil? You can make your own pH paper, test the pH of the soil, add water, then test the pH of the water. Are the two values the same? If not, is there a relationship between them?How close does a plant have to be to a pesticide for it to work? How do environmental factors (i.e., light, rain, wind, etc.) influence the effectiveness of a pesticide? How much can you dilute a pesticide while retaining its effectiveness? How effective are natural pest deterrents?What is the effect of a chemical on a plant? You can look at natural pollutants (e.g., motor oil, runoff from a busy street) or unusual substances (e.g., orange juice, baking soda). Factors that you can measure include the rate of plant growth, leaf size, lif e/death of the plant, the color of the plant, and ability to flower/bear fruit.

In what ways has Japan succeeded in shaping international politics in Essay

In what ways has Japan succeeded in shaping international politics in the Asia-Pacific without reviving memories of its past aggression - Essay Example Since the end of the Second World War, Japan withdrew from international politics, mostly because of measures imposed by the United States and by its Asian neighbours who suffered Japan’s aggression during the Second World War. And now after more than half a century of withdrawal from international politics, Japan is now slowly becoming a major player in the international scene. This paper shall discuss Japan’s re-entry into international politics, particularly focusing on Japan’s role in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan has been successful in playing a major role in international politics, especially in the Asia-Pacific region through its adoption of its multi-tiered approach. This multi-tiered approach which has been adopted to improve international cooperation among the Asia-Pacific nations is a new policy perspective which â€Å"packages different types of coordination among region states, including bilateral, multilateral, and minilateral or subregional, in a layered hierarchical manner† (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). Through this approach Japan has managed to maintain its enthusiasm for multilateral agreements even with countless criticisms on its significance and effectiveness. Through the multi-tiered approach, Japan has managed to maintain its security arrangements with the United States (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). And in applying such arrangements, Japan was able to form more connections with Asia-Pacific nations. With the adoption of new changes in its regional security order, the s elf-recognition of its status as a major power, and through its imposed constitutional constraints, Japan has managed to apply the multi-tiered approach as an effective approach in shaping its security policy and international relations 50 years after the Second World War (Ashizawa, 2003, p. 361). As far as its Asian neighbours are concerned, Japan has been trying

Analyse article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyse article - Essay Example Furthermore, the article points out that oceans absorbs more carbon dioxide thus making it more acidic which erodes the skeletal structure of the corals. Consequently, these factors have led to loss of 27% of the coral reefs and an estimated 60% could be lost in 30 years. Accordingly, the article points out that when these corals are exposed to acidity conditions, or pollution, zooxanthellae and other microscopic algae in the process referred to as â€Å"coral bleaching† (Vallery 2015).These microscopic algae alongside the zooxanthellae are responsible for the production of oxygen, food and the beautiful rainbow colors that have made human beings to fall in love with the corals. Similarly, coral reefs usually plays a significant part in terms of ensuring that the aquatic system stays healthy and therefore it is important that coral reefs be preserved. Sadly, the article points out that loss of coral reefs would lead to up to 25% of the loss of the total biodiversity of the aquatic and marine life. Furthermore, this loss would lead to the extinction of various marine animals consequently affecting the global ecosystem. Quite surprisingly however, the article points out that the loss of coral reefs can be avoided. The article illustrates that a scientific study found that 12 out of 21coral reefs were able to recover as a result of the coral bleaching process. In a nutshell, the article talks about the importance of coral reefs in the overall ecosystem, whilst airing the concern that it has continued to face depletion. Therefore, the article campaigns towards the reduction in the amount of loss of the coral reefs, in order to realize a healthy ecosystem. People are therefore faced with the responsibility to ensure that coral reefs are given the chance to survive. This can be achieved through minimization of human actions such as overfishing, releasing carbon dioxide and other

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN AND STORIES OF SPACE, MEDIA Coursework

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN AND STORIES OF SPACE, MEDIA REPRESENTATION,STEREOTYPES,AND CRITICAL HISTORICAL CONTEXT, ART EUCATION - Coursework Example Many societies in the recent time are struggling with gender roles and positions with women hoping to achieve equity with men (Basten 2012). The initial posting themes also involved the aspect of culture, and especially the Western Culture. Following sources of history relayed through the media in form of advertisement, we are able to identify our culture. The elements of culture are learnable, indigenous people can teach them to people who are alien to a particular civilization. The initial postings explain the role that advertisement plays in the societies and how advertisement influence behavior of adolescents. It seems that the dynamics in advertisement is controlled by changing how we view our history. Education has also been addressed as a theme in the initial postings; these forms of education are achieved through artwork and artifacts in museums. The main type of education being passed by these tools is mainly cultural education. Post 2: Media and Presentations of Gender The most outstanding theme in the postings is the role of the media and that of women. In support of the media, in the past couple of decades children and adolescent are the largest consumers of advertisement with some targeting them directly. These come in the form of entertainment and media technologies. This is mainly because there is a booming market in the media industry that is mainly targeting the youth yet very little is known about their content and objectives. What makes this theme even more relevant is the fact that media and advertisement developers are not clear on the implication of their products on the society. The media aims at facilitating sharing of information across all stages of life but little is done to categorize the information being shared in their platforms. Media through advertisement mainly misleads and misrepresents facts in our history (Basten 2012). The role of women in the society on the other hand is a contentious issue met with different views across the world. The feminists are trying to remodel the rigid norms in the society that degrades women into gender sensitivity. The gender roles in the modern times are viewed as equal and if they were to harm, then they should harm both genders. The postings show how men are fully privileged as opposed to women, the feminists have all the reasons to change the situation around and achieve a more balanced societal environment. Post 3: Advertisement and the End of the World However, some themes mentioned in the posting are weaker and do not have grounds for example the issue of culture and its transmission. The channels of culture transmission according to the initial postings include, museums these reveals tribal arts, folk art and other forms of performances. Each culture has its own unique way of transmitting its own values to its members. Therefore looking for a convectional way of conserving and transmitting culture is not practically achievable. In addition, culture is adopted in a society when it is deemed beneficial by the member s of that particular community. This means that enforcing a culture that is not acceptable in a particular community either through advertisement in the mass media or education systems cannot achieve much success. There is also a tendency of people sticking to their cultural norms and resist change at all costs. The only thing that can change cultural orientation of a particular community is change of approach in their historical background. Changing a cultural setting

History of the Army Corp of Engineers at West Point Essay

History of the Army Corp of Engineers at West Point - Essay Example The main responsibility delegated to these engineers was to operate the U.S Military Academy at West Point (Office of history, U.S, 2007). Thomas Jefferson established this Corps of Engineers by stating "that the said corps, when so organized, shall be stationed at West Point, and shall constitute a military academy" (U.S Army Corps of Engineers, web). It was up to 1866 that the West Point Academy Superintendent was also performing the functions of the Chief of Engineers. It was during those times that all the members of the Corps had been West Point graduates. All the construction done at the U.S Military Academy was undertaken by the Corps till 1861. This construction was resumed after a gap in 1941. Jonathon William was the Chief of Engineers and the first controller of West Point in 1807. He was held responsible for strengthening the ramparts at the doorway of New York Harbor when the risk of British attach was high subsequent to England’s trade embargo. During the 1812 wa r not a single defense built by an engineering graduate of West Point was overrun by the British. In the initial phase of the Civil War, the Corps constructed five structures, namely, the ‘Fort Hamilton, Schuyler, Totten, Tompkins and Wadsworth’ in the New York region (U.S Army Corps of Engineers, web).

Cooperative Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cooperative Group - Essay Example In the European Union and in large regions of America, cooperatives, with associations, foundations and mutual funds are considered parts of the social economy. The International Cooperative Alliance, established in 1895, is considered to be the final authority for defining cooperatives and the principles by which they operate. The organization has made three formal statements of cooperative principles over the past 100 years in an effort to keep them relevant to the contemporary world. At its 100th anniversary meeting in September, 1995 in Manchester, England, the Alliance adopted the "Statement of Cooperative Identity." which made the definition, values and principles of cooperatives. Definition: cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically controlled enterprise. Values are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity. In the tradition of their founders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others. Principles: Voluntary and Open Membership, Democratic Member Control, Member Economic Participation, Autonomy and Independence, Education, Training and Information, Cooperation among Cooperatives, Concern for Community (Statement of Cooperative Identity 1995) 2. A critical analysis of the organisation's internal structure Like any organization, cooperative has own structure, which may various from number of its members and the area of activity the co-op involved. There are tree main components of internal structure of cooperation: the Board, Management and Members. The rights, duties and coordination of work of governing team are reflected in scheme, which where adopted from the work of Garoyan and Mohn (1976 cited Cooperatives 2006): BOARD MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTABIITY To Members To Board AREAS OF CONCERN Idea Decision , Judge Ends/Purpose Action Decisions, Manage Means/Activities COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES Determine Values Long-Range, Consequestial Set limits, Monitor Intermediate and Short-Range Organize and Control Resources GOALS, POLICIES Determine Implement MANAGEMENT EVALUATION Set Policies Regarding Results to be Achieved and Limitations on Activities Monitor Progress Toward Results Monitor Compliance with Limits Provide Information for Monitoring OPERATIONS Determine Values and Goals Set Limits Monitor Conduct PERPETUATION Assurance of Capable Management and Board Succession Support, Participate BOARD PROCESS Determine Structure, Behavior, Performance Evaluation, Calendar and Agenda None Board of directors by law is legally responsible for cooperative and it's critical that all directors are highly qualified. Furthermore, directors of board need to represent the cooperative membership as a whole. (Cropp 2005) 3. A critical analysis of the organisation's objectives and/or strategy plans Jeffrey Royer (2002, p.12) from University of Nebraska noted that "because cooperatives are complex definition organization, that served to wide variety of purposes, and perform the wide variety of functions, there is no single objective, , that is accepted by board, management and members. A cooperative may pursue the number of objectives

Answer One Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer One Question - Essay Example Imagination is also the mother of innovation that enables entrepreneurs to create new products and services that would add value and profit to the business. It also enables entrepreneur to look for better ways to improve the business to make it competitive and profitable. The every day object chosen that could be transform into something new and different is the hairbrush. Typically, we just used the hairbrush to comb our hair. Other than that, it no longer has any use. If one will dry his or her hair, one has to use a dryer. And if one wants to set his or hair, he or she has to use a gel or a setting wax. I am thinking of having all these devices rolled into a one hairbrush. Thus, taking into account my definition of imagination of reframing or seeing things differently, I would transform the brush not just a device to comb my hair but also a device that would dry and set my hair all rolled into one. The hairbrush is now transformed to a dryer and a setting wax in addition to its regular function of combing the hair (or scratching one’s back). My major is Entrepreneurship and Emerging Enterprises and my major would be surely put to use by this object because I could further develop the object to become a revolutionary product that people could use. I would transform how people would look at the application of brushes as merely objects that combs the hair. Instead, it would now become a complete device that would dry and set the hair. With this object turned into product, people can now discard their hair dryers and setting wax because they will be replaced by my new version of hairbrush. I would also patent the object to make sure that it will not be copied. The element of my blog that served as the source of my inspiration are design, format & customization of own blog. I will have the design of the product to be

Cooperative Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cooperative Group - Essay Example In the European Union and in large regions of America, cooperatives, with associations, foundations and mutual funds are considered parts of the social economy. The International Cooperative Alliance, established in 1895, is considered to be the final authority for defining cooperatives and the principles by which they operate. The organization has made three formal statements of cooperative principles over the past 100 years in an effort to keep them relevant to the contemporary world. At its 100th anniversary meeting in September, 1995 in Manchester, England, the Alliance adopted the "Statement of Cooperative Identity." which made the definition, values and principles of cooperatives. Definition: cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically controlled enterprise. Values are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity. In the tradition of their founders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others. Principles: Voluntary and Open Membership, Democratic Member Control, Member Economic Participation, Autonomy and Independence, Education, Training and Information, Cooperation among Cooperatives, Concern for Community (Statement of Cooperative Identity 1995) 2. A critical analysis of the organisation's internal structure Like any organization, cooperative has own structure, which may various from number of its members and the area of activity the co-op involved. There are tree main components of internal structure of cooperation: the Board, Management and Members. The rights, duties and coordination of work of governing team are reflected in scheme, which where adopted from the work of Garoyan and Mohn (1976 cited Cooperatives 2006): BOARD MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTABIITY To Members To Board AREAS OF CONCERN Idea Decision , Judge Ends/Purpose Action Decisions, Manage Means/Activities COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES Determine Values Long-Range, Consequestial Set limits, Monitor Intermediate and Short-Range Organize and Control Resources GOALS, POLICIES Determine Implement MANAGEMENT EVALUATION Set Policies Regarding Results to be Achieved and Limitations on Activities Monitor Progress Toward Results Monitor Compliance with Limits Provide Information for Monitoring OPERATIONS Determine Values and Goals Set Limits Monitor Conduct PERPETUATION Assurance of Capable Management and Board Succession Support, Participate BOARD PROCESS Determine Structure, Behavior, Performance Evaluation, Calendar and Agenda None Board of directors by law is legally responsible for cooperative and it's critical that all directors are highly qualified. Furthermore, directors of board need to represent the cooperative membership as a whole. (Cropp 2005) 3. A critical analysis of the organisation's objectives and/or strategy plans Jeffrey Royer (2002, p.12) from University of Nebraska noted that "because cooperatives are complex definition organization, that served to wide variety of purposes, and perform the wide variety of functions, there is no single objective, , that is accepted by board, management and members. A cooperative may pursue the number of objectives

Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism Essay

Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism - Essay Example The essay "Paintings of Picasso during the Modernism " will help to understand the role of Pablo Picasso's art in the modernism. Art paintings that emphasizes material content and the social perception is perceivable as incomplete compared to art paintings in which the content is down played, and formal elements emphasized. The principles of modernism period are clearly visible in the works of Pablo Picasso, who perhaps can be considered as the most illustrious modern painter; conversely, the difference that exists between content and form is not one-sided or simplistic. Considerably, Pablo Picasso's paintings were not absolutely abstract; in most instances the paintings contained references, though unclear, to the material art world. Furthermore, while Pablo's paintings were characteristically concerned with the Cubism and universality, it helped shape and model abstract art. Social elements that were of interest then were incorporated in most of his works. Incorporation of social e lements in his works further complicated Picasso’s stature as a modernist artist. Consequently, though Picasso's art paintings encompass modernistic elements they are considerable as more complex in a modernistic sense because of all the elements incorporated in them. In the early 1900s, Picasso instigated his first unique style, which is referred to as the Picasso’s blue period. He restricted the color scheme he employed to blue, Picasso illustrated withered and solitude body forms whose figures and appearance signified the inferiority.

Boyz N the Hood Essay Example for Free

Boyz N the Hood Essay In the movie Boyz N the Hood there is a constant conflict that follows many of the characters. The movie takes place in South Central Los Angeles, which is a very dangerous neighborhood. There are lots of shootings, drugs, and other crimes which take place there on a daily basis. This is a predominantly African American neighborhood and the movie portrays this idea with all black people. Throughout the movie, the conflict of every day violence and crime asserts itself and makes life tough for these young men. Tre, the main character, is forced to move in with his dad after he breaks a contract with his mom and gets into a little scuffle with one of his classmates at school. While living with his dad, he gets a taste of this bad neighborhood very early. The first night he is staying with his father, a burglar sneaks into the house and attempts to rob the house. Tre’s father hears the burglar in the family room and grabs his magnum and shoots at him frightening Tre. A day or two later after Tre gets back from the beach with his father he comes home to the sight of his good friend Doughboy getting taken away in a police car. He stole from a market because he had no money, got caught, and as a result he gets sent to jail. He realizes very quickly while living with his father that there is a lot of danger that is around him. The movie fast forwards seven years and the scene is a party at Ricky and Doughboy’s house, who are brothers. Doughboy had returned from one of his few trips to jail and there is a little welcome back party to celebrate for him. Shortly after his return, doughboy is hanging outside with two of his friends when a black man rips the necklace of his friend’s neck and bolts off. The three boys chase down the man and beat him on the ground; punching, kicking, and throwing a trash can at him and they get the necklace back. While Tre, Ricky, Doughboy, and the rest of their crew are at the Crenshaw car show one night, Ricky is bumped by a random man. Both crews start getting into and chipping back and forth and after the other men leave, the other crew unloads uzi clips into the air causing everyone to scatter. The following day Ricky and Tre are on a walk back to Ricky’s house from the market when they spot the red car in which the men from the other night ride in. They hop a fence and make it to a back alley and decide to split up. While Ricky is walking down the alley he spots the car again and tries to run away. They fire a shotgun at him twice and hit him in the leg and the chest. He instantly dies right in front of his best friend Ricky. Later that evening Doughboy and two of the other boys go to avenge their fallen brother. They find the three boys at a cafà © late at night and end up gunning down all three of them for killing Ricky. Day after day in South Central there is violence and crime and there is no getting away from that. At the end of the movie it says that Doughboy was murdered just two weeks later. The movie takes place in a very dangerous neighborhood and for some of the boys they pay the ultimate price, death. Luckily for Tre he is able to stay out of the violence, but he himself is put at gunpoint twice during the movie. No matter what the boys do there is nothing they can do about the crime and violence that takes place in their neighborhood. Day in and day out there is some kind of crime going on around them. This conflict haunts Tre and his friends throughout the whole movie, and unfortunately he loses to of his good longtime friends.

Sid Meier’s Civilization (CIV) :: Personal Narrative Writing

Sid Meier’s Civilization (CIV) Sid Meier’s original Civilization, commonly abbreviated as CIV I or just simply CIV, is well known as the turn based strategy game. CIV was published by MicroProse in 1991, and in the decade since it has turned into a phenomenon complete with sequel games, expansion packs, spinoffs, and a cult following that rivals that of any other game one could care to name. The basic concept is deceptively simple and yet dangerously addictive. You begin the game with one Settler unit, and from there you go on to build a worldwide civilization with the ultimate aim of conquering the planet and/or building and launching a spaceship to Alpha Centauri. One of the many sequel games entails settling Alpha Centauri once you’ve gotten there. As good as the sequel games are, though, CIV I will always have a special place in my heart. My first introduction to the game came at my father’s knee. Dad was a computer gamer since before PCs even existed, having even written a few of his own. I was only six or seven at the time and I would watch as he and my brother, three years my elder, spent a lot of time in front of the computer staring at this pretty blue and green map with blinking pictures that did things which were largely incomprehensible to me. Naturally, I was rather jealous of the attention my brother was getting and I quickly decided I was going to play, too. No matter that I had no idea what I was doing. Over the years, with my father’s help, I eventually came to understand the game and I haven’t looked back since. In the years since then, though I’ve on occasion tried some of the sequels, I’ve always come back to CIV I. It seems like an awfully outdated, charming little DOS game nowadays, but it has an addictive quality that allows one to play it over and over and never h ave the same experience twice. Starting from scratch, the player has the chance to build an entire civilization. You construct cities, military units, and city improvements like granaries, libraries, and even Wonders of the World. You can build roads to connect your cities, and ships to move your settlers to other continents. Along the way your civilization gains knowledge which allows you to build better technology and city improvements. There are anywhere from two to six computer controlled civilizations that start with the same resources but in different regions of the map.

Herny Ford :: essays research papers fc

Henry Ford (1863-1947) Henry Ford was born in 1863 he is known as an American industrialist, and the pioneer of the automobile industry. It is said that Henry showed a great mechanical aptitude at an early age and left his father’s farm at the age of 16 to work as an apprentice in a Detroit machine shop. Henry returned to his home very soon after he left, but after many experiments with power-driven vehicles, he went to Detroit again and worked as a machinist and engineer with the Edison Company when he was 27. Henry continued working in his spare time as well, and in 1896 he completed his first automobile. Resigning 9 years later from the Edison Company he started up the Detroit Automobile Company. The company became much larger than Henry had ever imagined. But all did not work out as planed. He had many disagreements with his associates which forced Henry to organize a partnership with James Couzens, the Dodge brothers, and others, the Ford Motor Company was then formed. In 1907 he purchased the stock of most of his associates. The Ford family remained in control of the company. By cutting the costs of production, and soon adapting to the new conveyor belt and assembly line for automobile production, and by featuring an inexpensive, standardized car, Henry Ford was soon able to lead sales for all his competitors and become the largest automobile producer in the world. Henry soon came to be regarded as the â€Å"apostle of mass production†. In 1908 he designed the Model T. Almost 17 million cars were produced worldwide before the model was discontinued and a new design, the Model A was created to meet growing competition. The Ford Company had been highly publicized for paying wages considerably above the average. The Ford Company began in 1914 the year Henry created a sensation by announcing that in future his workers would receive $5 for an 8-hr day a profit sharing plan that would distribute up to $30 million annually among his employees. In 1915, in an effort to end World War I, he headed a privately sponsored peace expedition to Europe that failed dismally. After the American entry into the war he was a leading producer of ambulances, airplanes, munitions, tanks, and submarine chasers. In 1918 Henry ran for the U.S. Senate on the Democratic ticket but lost. Henry almost suffer a severe financial crisis in 1921, he began producing high-priced motor cars after this along with other vehicles and founded branch firms in England and in other European countries.

Life of Pi Animals Essay

Acting and speaking before THINKING, this goes back to a humans’ primitive stage. We are all animals, in the sense that we are mammals. Manifested through our psyche or personality, each animal has a different representation. From personality traits, behavior or even symbolism, animals have the ability to portray these features in humans. In Yann Martel’s Life of Pi, four distinct animals are manifested in the main character’s (Pi Patel)spirit. These four animals a zebra, which symbolizes the struggle to survive and docility, the orangutan – a nurturing mother personality, the hyena for desperation and evil, then lastly the tiger, Richard Parker which represents perseverance and companionship. When one visits the zoo, the most submissive creature there to see is the zebra. Marked with bold black and white stripes to show endurance, the zebra is still indecisive and unassertive. Relating back to Pi Patel, even from the beginning of the novel he cannot make up his mind about which religion to follow. This shows when his indetermination leads him from being a Muslim, to Hinduism, to Christianity. Also, as the hyena attacks the zebra for food, the animal strives to defend himself by thrashing about the boat. Severely wounded and painfully struggling to fight the battle, zebras determination to stay alive and survive the attack from the hyena. This is also a small wake up call to Pi who is also growing weak day in and day out while a hungry Bengal tiger sleeps only a few feet away. However the need to survive and the life of force is a character trait that the zebra and Pi Patel have in common, not to mention uncertainty.

Cross Symbol

A cross represents many things to different people. Some view it as simply a‘t’. For others, it is their way of life. Many in America feel this way. A cross is the main symbol for Christianity, and as Christianity is the main religion in America, it can be considered a symbol of American culture. A cross is more than just a t-shaped piece of wood. A cross is the representative symbol of American culture. One morning, a long while ago, there was a man. This was before crosses had the present day meaning. He was to be crucified on a wood-shaped t contraption.It was called a cross. Forwarding to the present day, when most people think of or hear the word cross, they think of a battered old wood piece that is in the shape of a lower case t. While that is generally what a cross will come in, it can take the form of many things. It can be made of metal, wood, plastic, cardboard, or even by crossing one’s fingers. A cross can be fancy, new, battered, or old. No matter th e look of it, though, the cross always seems the same in the hearts and minds of those who cherish it.Perhaps the most thought provoking image of a cross is when Christ is on it, nails in his feet and hands, with a pierced wound in his side, his head bowed to heaven. The cross is both a symbol of happiness and sadness. One of the main reasons that pilgrims and settlers came over to the future site of the great United States of America was to avoid religious persecution in their homelands. America was the place of all things new and reborn, and what better way to practice their outcast religions. Most of the religions, however, shared one thing in common: they were all Christian-based religions.They just had different ways of practicing how to worship their Lord, Savior, and God. Being in the church-run country of England, however, was difficult because of these different practices. They united and came under the banner of one object, the cross. Many people view the cross as excludin g and not open to everyone everywhere. This is far from the truth. The cross accepts any and all who wish to worship under it and be one with the rest of the Christian nation. Those that pervert the word and message of the cross and its religion aren’t the true bearers of Jesus’ word and message.Sometimes the cross is perceived as a bat that beats the message into your head and does physical damage to them. This is far from the truth. A cross is like a pillow, that can be snuggled and used for friendly pillow fights, but it always comforts when it is needed. A cross needs to be thought less of as an animate object, and more of an inanimate object that encompasses a broad scope of items. One of these objects could be considered a pen and quill. When the founding fathers of the United States assembled in Philadelphia, they penned the words â€Å"endowed by their Creator. While Creator can have a broad variety of meanings depending on background, upbringing, and current value system, one can infer the implied meaning of what that statement was supposed to mean. America had religious upbringings. If it wasn’t for religion, America could possibly not be here today, or not be as successful as it is. The pilgrims could have stayed in England and Mainland Europe, and America may not have been settled until a much later date. In current times, many will argue that the cross is an obsolete and inaccurate representation of American culture.While it is true that church attendance and overall religiousness of the country is going down, the greater majority, even ones who don’t attend church on a regular basis, still view the cross as a symbol of greater things. It symbolizes the resolve of the American people. When in doubt, they look up, hoping for a sign of greater things to come. A cross may not be as fancy as a tasseled flag, or as popular as a roaring lion, but do those items have a deeper meaning to it? Americans have never been about bei ng the fanciest, or being the best.Americans care about what is important to them, and they fight for it. Present day fights to keep the cross and other Christian-related materials are a constant effort. Many should re-read the Declaration of Independence, and see the word Creator. It may refresh and jog their memories. The cross is one of the symbols of the American culture. Religion plays a large part in many lives in the country, and this is a representation of that. Perhaps if more people come under the wings of the cross, America can be great again.

Causes of Suicide Among College Students

Suicide means an individual intentionally to adopt various means to end his life. It has been the second leading cause of death among college students (Caruso, n. d. ). The problem is getting serious in developing country such as Hong Kong and the ways to suicide had transformed to a mass suicide attempt on December 21, 2009 (Mak, 2011). These rising issues are telling us that suicide had becoming one of the most crucial matter that need to be resolve before it affect our future leader. So, we will review based on the past research for the alcohol and family relationship factors that contribute to suicide among college students. One of the factors that contribute to suicide among college student is alcohol consuming. Several past researches have been found to support this factor. An early study by Lamis, Ellis, Chumney and Dula (2009) claimed that many college students are experiencing heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol use are correlated with suicidal behaviour. This study is to check different levels of risk for alcohol-related problems and their relation to reasons for living among college students (Lamis et al. , 2009). 287 participants were recruited and divided into three alcohol groups, that are low-risk, moderate-risk and high-risk group (Lamis et al. , 2009). The hypothesis was made that participants in the high-risk group will report fewest reasons for living (Lamis et al. , 2009). RFL self-report measure was used to check how important a reason would be for living on participants. Besides that, AUDIT test also used to identify individuals whose experiencing alcohol-related problems (Lamis et al. , 2009). As the result, the high-risk group had fewer moral objections to dying by suicide compared to the low-risk group (Lamis et al. , 2009). From the experiment, we can see that obsessive alcohol use may lower student moral objections to suicide (Lamis et al. , 2009). Another experiment conducted by Lamis, Malone, Langhinrichsen-Rohling and Ellis (2009) stated that alcohol consuming will increase the risk for engaging in suicidal behaviours. This factor is strengthen when Powell and colleagues (2001), as cited in Lamis et al. 2009) found out that high alcohol drinking quantity will creates a greater likelihood of a serious suicide attempt. 318 participants were recruited and few measuring scale was used to predict the result for this experiment. The result tells that depression is predictor of alcohol use in young adults. Besides that, alcohol use are negatively correlated with body protection and the results suggests that individuals who are potentially involve in high-risk behaviours, such as suicide are usually from the one who have less tendency to protect themselves (Lamis et al. , 2010). Reference http://www.suicide.org/college-student-suicide.html

Management Insight Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Insight - Research Paper Example g days is known to adhere to ethical practices then when the time comes in the future for placing a person on a position which requires a flawless record then this trait might prove to be useful. Similarly if one has been active in Social Responsibility programs since their early days then the experience gained in this can be used in a manner which is beneficial to both the organization and the society (Loviscky et al., 2007). Businesses in search of new markets and more capital are increasingly expanding not only within the country they originate but to other countries as well. This has given it a global touch and has made the decision making process all the more complex in this environment. Taking into account the conditions of the country it is operating in is of vital importance (Levy, Beechler, Taylor, & Boyacigiller, 2007) I would add IT management as another key outcome to modern management which will be due to the ever-changing nature of businesses processes and the technology being used in it. If I am equipped with this skill then it is less likely that I will be rendered redundant in the future. Loviscky., Greg., Trevino., Linda., Jacobs., & Rick. (2007). Assessing Managers Ethical Decision-making: An Objective Measure of Managerial Moral Judgment.  Journal of Business Ethics,  73(3), 263-285. Levy, O., Beechler, S., Taylor, S. T., & Boyacigiller, N. A. (2007). What We Talk about When We Talk about Global Mindset: Managerial Cognition in Multinational Corporations.  Journal of International Business Studies,38(2),

Module 1 Case MGT401 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 1 Case MGT401 - Essay Example This is so especially if he trust no one to take the position and lead it effectively. It is for reason that it was no surprise when he fired the CEO of Fiat and appointed himself the CEO. The CEO’s level of emotional stability is simply amazing. It is this emotional stability that has made him the great leader he is today as he does not let his emotions over the employee’s future if he fires them stand in his way and affect his decision making ability. Machionne is one highly intelligent man based on the fact that he was able to turn the company’s profitability around which was on the verge of collapse and did so within two years (2011 All-Stars: Sergio Marchionne, 2011). This is simply an impossible job for a simple-minded and unintelligent individual. The fact that he upholds integrity high is not only commendable but has protected his name and made it remains clear from any scandals involving integrity issues. It is his personality and high standards that make him uphold his integrity and abide by the rules at all times. Machionne is an analyst using logic to make his decisions. His abilities to strategize as well as be inventive and imaginative make him the perfect leader he is. He may not have an approachable personality but he still makes friends and is an excellent communicator. A task-oriented leader is one who focuses solely on the tasks that need to be performed and is in no way concerned about the people performing the tasks such as ensuring they are motivated or satisfied. This is the kind of behavioral approach that Machionne has adopted as he does not bother with his team and their general well-being but simply whether they have performed the tasks he assigns to them or not. This explains his lack of small talk with his employees and especially the executives and the occupation even over the weekend simply with work and no fun at all for the employees (Wernle, 2010). The greatest

Country Risk Analysis of Italy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country Risk Analysis of Italy - Research Paper Example The strong export potential, relative underdevelopment of the southern region and the markets of north Africa and east European countries are the favorable endowments. Keywords: Economy, politics, geography, industry, immigration, drugs, EEC, disparities, factor productivity. Country Analysis of Italy Introduction It is important to evaluate conditions that support or hinder the prospects for a business in a particular location while undertaking new start ups, expansion, acquisition and/or other forms of investment. Political, economic, and geographic factors are taken into consideration for evaluation and decision making. Implicit within these broad categories are the demographic and legal factors. A range of reputed published resources like the country reports of the London based Economic Intelligence Unit, the CIA World Fact Books, the World Bank, IMF and European Commission reports can provide the necessary data for analysis for all major countries. The present paper deals with c ountry analysis of Italy, an EU member country that is in the thick of a political and economic crisis in the recent past. Italy became a republic in 1946 after the World War II and is a member of NATO and European Economic Community (EEC) in the euro zone. This country of about 60 million people with practically 100% literacy rate and dominated by the Roman Catholic faith followers, is a developed economy and has been a strong supporter of the political and monetary integration of the EU Zone countries (Anon, n.d., geography.about.com). Italy is a republic, headed by a President as the constitutional head, while the executive authority vests with the Prime Minister (also called the president of the council of ministers) (CIA, 2011). It follows the constitutional form of democratically elected government with two houses of legislature (Senate and Chamber of Deputies), the judiciary and the executive wings having respective roles. Although Italy is not a signatory to the Internationa l Court of Justice jurisdiction, it respects international legal responsibilities like most democratic nations (CIA, 2011). The country is divided into twenty administrative regions of which five regions enjoy a higher degree of autonomy. Regions are further divided into provinces, numbering about 100 at present. Each province is under the watchful eyes of a representative of the federal government. Separatist tendencies, left-wing extremism, and remnants of fascist elements have been sources of political challenges that Italy faced since inception. These risks continue even today, although they have been substantially controlled. Political parties of different hues like left-of-centre or right-of-centre and others form coalitions among themselves and with other parties to govern the country. Italy has largely overcome the period of extremist left-wing terrorism between 1970s and 90s (Dugdale-Pointon, 2007). Widespread corruption has been the bane of Italian politics and economy, an d this has led to short-lived spans of governments, policies and programs. Investigations into corruption scandals have caught up with many politicians, resulting in introduction of political and electoral reforms. Scandals involving the personal life of the immediate past Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and the deep economic

Generation conflict between Kiswana and her mother. Based on Gloria Research Paper

Generation conflict between Kiswana and her mother. Based on Gloria Naylor- Kiswana Browne - Research Paper Example In addition, conflicts may occur when mothers learn of some funny behavior adopted by their daughters. Individuals can improve the relationship between mothers and daughters through various advances. For one, there can be strategies instituted with an aim of enhancing a mutual understanding. Additionally, mothers should ensure they try to meet demands of their daughters. Prevention of conflicts is better and helps in the growth of daughters as well as their mothers. This paper concerns about the reason why it was so difficult for Kiswana to relate to her mother. â€Å"Kiswana Brown† by Naylor Gloria was a woman activist. Drieling (45) states that Kiswana Browne is a college dropout currently staying in Brewster Place after moving from â€Å"Linden Hills† her homeland. Kiswana stays in a badly maintained small house apartment. Her strong believe that she could bring into being the proper social change made her to move to Brewster. Much anxiety grows in Kiswana as she loo ks forward to welcome her mother. Being the first visit from her mother, it is not welcoming, as there is a disagreement between both of them (Kiswana and her mother). However, Kiswana’s mother ends the disagreement by revealing Kiswana’s original name, which is Melanie. The reason why it was difficult for kiswana to relate to her mother was principally difference in the values. ... Kiswana fails to recognize the essence of her in her entire life. Kiswana moving out of her parents and living in a different region evidences this (Wilson 23). Disrespect is the major cause of conflicts between mothers and their daughters. It is the role of parents to let their children live in the truth about their real identities. Kiswana’s mother calmed Kiswana down by letting her know of her original name. The principal factors affecting mother-daughter relationships include perception, behavior, and diverse demands (Almond 57). Female parents living with their children have to overcome conflicts no matter what decisions they try to make. Conflicts hinder positive relations between parents and their children (specifically mothers and the girl-child). Daughters frequently complain about their mothers in all activities that they try to undertake. Mothers have assorted opinions concerning perception of daughters. For instance, some mothers think that daughters do not show th em (mothers) enough respect. Others say that daughters seldom listen to their mothers. Finally, others lack adequate time to spend with them (mothers). Mothers are still concerned about improving their relationship with their daughters. Generational conflicts between mothers and daughters take different forms. Conflicts may be due to the generation gap, civilizing diversity, and social class. For instance, Kiswana argued with the mother because of moving out of Linden Hills to Brewster and mobilizing people to form a tenants union. According to Kiswana’s mother, the union was unnecessary, as it led to increased tension between Black Americans and White Americans. Therefore, present day mothers should nurture their daughters to influence their daughters’ way of living

History of the Panama Canal and its long-range consequences of Research Paper

History of the Panama Canal and its long-range consequences of American acquisition and ownership of the canal on Panama - Research Paper Example This paper purports to analyze the history of the Panama Canal and implications of its construction and ownership by the USA. The author believes that the construction of the Panama Canal was driven mainly by the greater geopolitical considerations of the Roosevelt Administration. The further analysis will aim at expounding and broadening exactly this point. 2. General Body a. Early History Even though the existence of narrow isthmus between the Atlantic and the Pacific had been known since 1513, when the expedition of Vasco Nunez de Balboa saw the Pacific for the first time1, no serious attempts to dig a permanent waterway through the isthmus were made by the Spanish authorities. Nevertheless, the use of the Panama Isthmus for the transportation of the loads of gold by land from the Spanish colonies of South America to the Atlantic coast foreshadowed the future role of the place as an important transportation hub2. i) The Scottish Attempt The unlikely competitors to the Spanish pred ominance in the region were actually the first to conceive the possibility of using the Isthmus of Panama for the purposes of interoceanic trade. The desperation of the Scottish traders at their country’s inability to compete efficiently with the greater maritime powers led them to contemplate the prospects of establishing trade colony near the Isthmus in order to engage in lucrative transit trade with the countries of Far East, shipping their goods from one ocean to another3. Unfortunately, this so-called ‘Darien scheme’, which consisted of brief attempt at establishing a settlement a two additional failed expeditions in 1698-1699 was doomed to failure from the very outset: not only were the merchants that provided initial capital for this venture unable to sustain long-term expenses4, but also the harsh natural conditions of the place led to the virtual epidemic among the settlers, and in the end this colonial adventure turned out to be a manifest failure. For the next century, there were no comparable ambitious projects for exploiting the narrow Isthmus of Panama in interoceanic trade. The first scientifically grounded proposal for the construction of the Canal that was to unite two oceans was expounded by famous scientist and traveler Alexander Humboldt5. From his travels in Central America, he came to believe that it was possible to start the construction of permanent waterway in nine locations, including Panama, though he evidently thought that the territory of Nicaragua was more suitable for such an endeavor6. Humboldt’s judgment on the feasibility of interoceanic canal project marked the beginning of ‘Panama fever’ that was to reach its peak in the second half of the nineteenth century. ii) The Panama Railway The first involvement of the USA in the affairs of Panama and its attempts to secure the territory there for its commercial purposes dates back to this period as well. While it was Thomas Jefferson who first among American statesmen envisaged the possibility of inter-Isthmus canal as early as 17887, the USA was for the first time involved in the canal project in 1826, when the government of Grand Colombia asked both the USA and Great Britain to

Just about every aspect of sport which we find exciting today was present at the chariot races of ancient Rome Essay Example for Free

Just about every aspect of sport which we find exciting today was present at the chariot races of ancient Rome Essay I agree with this statement to an extent, some aspects of chariot racing are similar to that of today’s modern sport. In Ancient Rome’s chariot races there were four teams, red, white, green and blue. Every roman would support a team, and stay loyal to it. These teams became the focus of support among spectators. The Romans were always very loyal to which ever team they supported. Fights would sometimes breakout due to the supporting of different teams. There are lots of aspects that made these chariot races exciting for the Romans. By supporting a team they could feel more involved. Competitors from the same team / stable might work together / pull stunts and gang up on other teams to gain popularity, make the race more exciting. This is just like nowadays, in football, rugby, cricket and many more of our modern day sports resemble the Romans approach to their teams and their support for them. Most men nowadays support a football team and stay loyal and supporting that team. Going to a football match is a really exciting experience, everyone supporting the same team will be feeling in a similar way, the atmosphere and feeling that you are all there together supporting your team, taking part is a very exciting experience and one that both us and the Romans share. The anxiety of waiting what’s going to happen, is he going to push him off the track? Is he going to die? The excitement when someone does a trick. Is he going to score? Will they be able to score in time? Will he get the penalty? Will he get sent off? It unified people of all sorts of social ranks, and encourages them to socialise just like we have nowadays. Betting also would have been and exciting experience for the Romans, just like us and any human being they were money driven. So the prospect of wining some money would have been a very exciting experience, they could have won a lot of money. Just like nowadays when we place a bet on a team or a horse to win a race / match, it then gets us more involved in the match / race, we want the person / team who we have backed up to win so we win money in return, so you get very excited when maybe your charioteer does a very clever stunt and nocks someone of the track / they are battling it out for first position you almost feel as if you are taking part in the race. The structural features of the circus maximus would have also made it exciting for the Romans the seating meant that they could integrate with women, which they would not get to do often, there are several sources explaining the excitement the men had in checking the women out. Nowadays that would not really affect our excitement on the sport as we are much more integrated through daily life than the Romans would have been. Therefore these don’t really increase the enjoyment of our sport nowadays. The ‘spina’ would have also made the race very exciting for the Romans, especially the ‘metea’ or turning posts, these would have tested even the best charioteers to their limits, when the charioteers reached the metea they would try and cut in as close as possible to the metea as possible, this could have resulted in a very bad injury or death very easily, if they wear pushed into the metea or turned to closely into the metea, as the charioteers approached the metea the crowd would start to cheer more especially when stunts and tricks were pulled on other charioteers. The Romans also enjoyed the egg markers and dolphin markers; these would have shown them at what lap they were in the race, obviously it would have been important for the Romans to have been able to keep track of how many laps the charioteers were on. Every time a marker went down / up this would have signified it being closer to the end of the race, I think this would have made it more exciting for them because it is that time aspect for them, when time is applied to something it often means pressure, whether it be they only have so long to score a goal or to knock their component of the track / make them win. With every lap it would have made it more exciting for the Romans, as there would be less and less charioteers each time and the race would be getting more violent / heated. Although nowadays although we do have score boards to help us to keep up score I would not say it adds that much to the excitement , only really the time aspect that they have so long left to score / win this game. In the chariot racing most of the competitors would have been slaves, and of a low social status, they would get sold to other teams and made to compete in races. In a way the charioteers had their own status within charioteering – they had dual status’ if they were good charioteers they would start from nothing a built their way up the charioteers rank, and become well known every time a charioteer won in a race they would receive a percentage of the winnings the rest would go to the stables, they would receive quite a high pay.. This is sort of similar to what we have nowadays for example a footballer might start from nothing and is all of a sudden he is launched into a high status / idolised. In a way the footballers are owned like a slave would be the club / manager owns them and they are sold onto other teams. Just like the charioteers they also receive very high pays. This aspect of charioteering / modern day sport would have made it exciting because you could get to see well known really good charioteers, maybe that you idolised; it’s just like nowadays meeting a really famous footballer like David beck ham something that an average person would find really exciting, because they are iconic figures that people look up to, and you want to see them perform. With chariot racing there is a real danger aspect it seemed the Romans would do anything to try and make their sport more dangerous and exciting, teaching the charioteers to bash into each other, the crowd would cheer loudly if someone was Have a battle with another charioteer / killed them, the Romans were very blood thirsty. The got thrills out of seeing people hurt and pushing each other close to the edge. Nowadays I don’t think we share the Romans passion quite so much for fighting and death/ blood, although for instance in motor racing when the cars are racing and perhaps giving each other nudges I think we do find it exciting we like to see how far we can push things, and if some one crashed and it was quite a big one every one would sort of be talking about it – did you see that crash? Without realising we get a sort of buss out of it. I think now looking closely and examining this statement I do agree with it , most of the points I have brung up are connected to chariot racing we share that thrill and excitement the same as the Romans do maybe we just don’t realise it as much / it is a bit more toned down.

Wireless Local Loop

Wireless Local Loop Wireless Local Loop Abstract-A local loop connects a subscriber to the service providers switch, this connection is usually a wire; typically copper wire. Advanced studies on the capabilities of copper wire as a transmission medium has made it possible to use the local loop to offer services other than the basic voice service. This technology known as digital subscriber line technology (DSL) utilizes the existing copper wires to provide high speed data services. Optical fibre is a better option particularly for its large bandwidth but cost restricts its use as a local loop. Wireless local loop eliminates the need for wires as the subscribers equipment is wirelessly connected to the providers network. Wireless local loop (WLL) is a popular alternative as it has been deployed in both developed and developing nations because of its advantages. With an ever increasing demand to access the internet, the wireless local loop has evolved seeking to meet such demand. This paper looks at the several wireless local loop technologies as well as its prospects and future as a medium for broadband wireless services. Keywords: Wireless Local Loop, Internet, Broadband INTRODUCTION The local loop refers to the circuit terminating at the subscribers premises connecting the subscriber equipment to the switch of the telecommunications provider. It is the last lap of the providers infrastructure over which services are delivered to the user, hence, the term â€Å"last mile† is also used to refer to the local loop. Copper wires have been the principal candidate for the local loop providing voice service for telephony. However, digital subscriber line technology (DSL) makes it possible to use existing copper wires to offer services other than voice such as data, video, and multimedia services. One form of digital subscriber line technology (DSL), asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is the most commonly used today. Optical fibre has a lot of advantages over copper wire and that makes it an excellent choice for local loop but its cost is prohibitive. Wireless local loop also known as radio local loop uses radio signals to complete the last lap to the users premises. Wireless local loop is particularly suited to remote locations providing access to providers infrastructure and in areas where the terrain makes it impossible to lay cables. Wireless local loop offers a number of advantages over its wireline counterpart. 1) Fast deployment 2) Low installation cost 3) Low maintenance cost 4) High system capacity There are several wireless local loop (WLL) technologies available, hence, the technology deployed for a particular area will depend on the population density and service needs of the users. The rest of the paper is organized as follows, in section II, the wireless local loop architecture is considered. Section III presents the wireless local loop technologies followed by the wireless local loop for broadband services in section IV. Section V concludes the paper. WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The wireless local loop architecture is shown in figure 1. The fixed subscriber unit (FSU) is an interface between subscribers wired devices and wireless local loop network. The wired devices can be computers as well as telephones. The fixed subscriber performs channel coding and decoding, modulation and demodulation, and transmission/reception of signal via radio. The base transceiver system (BTS) performs channel coding/decoding, modulation and demodulation as well as transmission and reception of signal via radio. The base transceiver system is also referred to as the radio port (RP). A base station controller (BSC) controls one or more base transceiver systems (BTSs) and provides an interface to the local exchange (switch) in the central office [22]. WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP TECHNOLOGIES A. Microcellular based systems These systems provide low delay, low power and high quality services in a small coverage area. Compared with the cellular based wireless local loop, more base stations are required to cover the same service area. They are typically operated at 800MHz, 1.5GHz, 1.8GHz, and 1.9GHz frequency bands [77]. 1) Personal access communication system (PACS) Personal access communication system (PACS) is a low power radio system for both personal communication system applications and for fixed wireless loop applications. Personal access communication system is optimized to provide basic capabilities to support wireless local loop and additional capabilities to support mobility. The service capabilities of personal access communication system include voice, fax, voiceband data, and wireless digital data. The basic personal access communication handset can handle user with vehicle speeds up to about 50km/hr []. The personal access communication system architecture is shown in figure 2. The radio port (RP) function as radio frequency (RF) modems. Personal access communication system (PACS) uses time division multiple access (TDMA) on the uplink and time division multiplexing (TDM) on the downlink. The personal access communication system protocol supports switching to alternate channels when one radio port (RP) is busy [36]. 2) Personal handyphone system (PHS) Personal handyphone system is a low range personal communications services (PCS) technology that was developed in Japan to support very high density pedestrian traffic and wireless local loop. It is built on a foundation of digital cordless technology and microcell architecture [26]. Personal handyphone system (PHS) personal stations consist of handheld units that can operate as simple cordless phones, as transceivers for communications with other personal stations, or as mobile terminals to access the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The mode of operation must be selected by the user [26]. 3) Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) is a radio interface standard developed in Europe mainly for indoor wireless applications [26]. Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications is a flexible digital radio access standard for cordless communications in residential, corporate, and public environment. In Europe, digital enhanced cordless telecommunications utilizes the 1880-1900 MHz frequency range. The DECT radio interface is based on the Multicarrier/Time division multiple access/Time division duplex (MC/TDMA/TDD) radio access methodology. Basic DECT frequency (1800-1900 MHz) is allocated to 10carrier frequencies, and the time is organized in frames. Each frame lasts for 10ms and consists of 24 timeslots separated into two fixed parts [37]. The fixed part (FP) consists of three entities; radio fixed port, central system, interworking unit. The radio fixed port terminates the air interface protocol. The central system provides a cluster controller functionality managing a number of radio fixed ports. The interworking unit provides all the necessary function for the DECT radio system to interwork with the attached wireline network; which can be: the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and the packet switched public data network [36]. B. Cellular based systems These systems are characterised by large power, high mobility and relatively low data rate over a large area. Cellular wireless local loop technologies are primarily used to expand the basic telephony services. Typically, they operate in the mobile frequency bands at 800-900 MHz, 1.8-1.9 GHz, and sometimes at 450 MHz or 1.5 GHz. For relatively sparsely populated rural and even urban settings, wireless local loop technologies based on existing cellular systems can be economical and rapidly deployed [77]. 1) Time division multiple access (IS-136/GSM) Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a multiple access technique which divides a channel into a number of timeslots. For TDMA system, there are two prevalent standards: North American telecommunications/electronics industry association (TIA/EIA) IS-136 and European telecommunications standards institute (ETSI) global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM). The IS-136 standard uses Ï€/4-Quadrature phase shift keying (Ï€/4-QPSK) modulation scheme while the GSM standard uses Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation. Also the channel bandwidth of the two systems is different (30 kHz for IS-136 and 200 KHz for GSM). GSM has a frame length of 4.615 ms instead of 40 ms for IS-136 [26]. Although GSM currently dominates mobile digital cellular and provides high quality voice, there has been little activity in using GSM as a wireless local loop platform. Being designed to handle international roaming, it carries a large amount of overhead that makes it unwieldly and costly for wireless local loop applications [36]. 2) Code division multiple access (IS-95/W-CDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a multiple access technique that employs spread spectrum technique. CDMA (IS-95) is a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system where the entire bandwidth of the system 1.25 MHz is made available to the user. The bandwidth is many times larger than the bandwidth required for transmitting information [26]. IS-95A standard has been TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP SERVICES developed for a digital cellular system with direct sequence (DS) CDMA technology, operating at 800MHz band. IS-95 based CDMA wireless local loop can support two rate sets. A code channel (traffic channel) operates at a maximum of 9.6 kbps with the rate set 1 or 14.4 kbps with rate set 2. IS-95B offers high speed data services through code aggregation. In IS-95B systems, multiple codes (up to eight codes) may be assigned to a connection [22]. In CDMA systems pseudo-noise (PN) sequences are used for the different user signals with the same transmission bandwidth [26]. Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) in comparison with narrowband CDMA systems (IS-95) use higher chip rate for direct sequence spread spectrum and, thus, spread its information into wider spectrum bandwidth (typically, equal to or over 5 MHz). Thus, data rate per code channel in W-CDMA can be higher than that in narrowband system. The wireless local loop standard defines several options for voice codecs: 64 kbps PCM, 32 kbps ADPCM, 16 kbps LD-CELP, and 8 kbps conjugate structure algebraic-code-excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP) [22]. CDMA based systems offer higher capacity and flexibility compared to other digital standards [36]. C. Satellite based systems These systems provide telephony services for rural communities and isolated areas such as islands [26]. These systems can be either of technology designed specifically for wireless local loop applications or of technology piggybacked onto mobile satellite systems as an adjunct service. Satellite technology has been used to provide telephony to remote areas of the world for many years. Such systems provide an alternative to terrestrial telephony systems where landlines are not cost effective or where an emergency backup is required [77]. A user can access the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via satellite indirectly from a wireless local loop facility through a small satellite terminal and a geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite. A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) terminal usually includes a 0.6-2.4 m dish antenna and a transceiver radio (outdoor unit) as well as a set of baseband and intermediate frequency (IF) subsystems (indoor units). In hybrid architectures, the VS AT is connected to a wireless local loop base station through the local switching exchange [24]. D. Proprietary systems These systems are considered proprietary because they are not available on the public wireless networks and are typically customized for a specific application. They generally do not provide mobility. Proprietary systems are, therefore, positioned to provide basic fixed wireless telephony. WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP FOR BROADBAND SERVICES For services requiring large bandwidths, such as video on demand, broadband wireless systems are suitable because of their higher frequency ranges. A. Local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) Local multipoint distribution systems (LMDS) is a radio based access technology with cellular architecture offering flexible high capacity connections to private users and organizations [8]. Depending on the particular spectrum allocation policy, operation of LMDS systems take place at millimetre waves (typically 28 GHz in the United States and 40 GHz in Europe), enabling the exploitation of more than 1GHz operational bandwidth. This allows a plethora of multimedia services at data rates of hundreds of megabits per second [2]. Interactive LMDS has a point to multipoint downlink and a point to point uplink. The capacity of the return channel is determined by the needs of the individual user [8]. B. Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) is a wireless communication technology capable of providing very high data rates over a large area. According to standards, WiMAX can support up to a 75 Mb/s data rate (single channel) and cover up to 30 miles [6]. The technology can provide fast and cheap broadband access to areas that lack infrastructure such as rural areas [4]. WiMAX technology supports two network modes: point to point (PMP) and mesh. A PMP network is designed primarily to provide for providing last mile access to the service provider, it consists of a base station (BS) and subscriber stations (SSs) and both uplink and downlink channels are shared among the subscriber stations. PMP mode requires all subscriber stations to be within the transmission range and clear line of sight (LOS) of the base station. The mesh network, on the other hand, is a multihop ad hoc network in which all nodes act as relaying routers in addition to their sender and receiver roles [1]. CONCLUSION The advantages of wireless local loop over the wired loop especially in the areas of fast deployment and installation cost continue to make it an attractive option for rural areas and difficult terrains. As with most wireless communication systems, the quality versus coverage area compromise remains an issue. However, the emergence of broadband wireless systems promises quality service over a considerable area, though, cost is a limiting factor. The wireless local loop market is expected to continue to grow in developed countries to compete with wired loop providers and in developing countries to connect many that are without service. REFERENCES [1] D.G. Jeong, and W.S. 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